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مولانا صبغۃ اﷲ شہیدؔ فرنگی محلی

مولانا صبغۃ اﷲ شہیدؔ فرنگی محلی
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ جناب مولانا صبغۃ اﷲ شہیدؔ فرنگی محلی لکھنؤ سے بقصدِ ڈھاکہ روانہ ہوکر کلکتہ پہنچے تھے کہ اچانک دوتین مرتبہ استفراغ ہوا،اوراس کے بعد ہی بیہوش ہوئے توپھر ہوش میں نہ آئے، آخر تین روز تک اسی عالم میں رہ کر ہسپتال میں جان جانِ آفریں کے سپرد کردی اور رہ گزائے عالم جاودانی ہوگئے۔ اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔ عمرستر۷۰ کے لگ بھگ ہوگی، مگر قویٰ اچھے خاصے تھے۔ وفات سے ایک ماہ قبل ہی لکھنؤ میں حسب معمول مکان پرحاضری دی تو ہمیشہ کی طرح نہایت گرم جوشی اور تپاک سے ملے، بچّوں اور بچّیوں کوبلواکر سلام کرایا، پُرتکلّف چاء سے تواضع کی اور دیر تک اس شگفتہ مزاجی اورخوش طبعی کے ساتھ گفتگو فرماتے رہے کہ اس کاوہم وگمان بھی نہیں ہوسکتا تھاکہ اب دنیا میں ایک مہینہ کے اور مہمان ہیں۔ مولانا فرنگی محل کے ممتاز علماء میں سے تھے، ایک زمانہ میں آپ کی خطابت کی بڑی دھوم تھی،سیرت اور شہادت پرخصوصاً بڑی پُرجوش اور ولولہ انگیز تقریر کرتے تھے۔ شاعر اوراردو کے زبان دان اورادیب بھی اسی پایہ کے تھے، نعت گوئی میں خصوصاً بڑاکمال تھا۔گفتگو بھی ایسی ہی شیریں و دل چسپ اورادبی وعلمی لطائف وظرائف سے پُر ہوتی تھی۔ قدیم اودھ کی شرافت اور وضع داری، ہمدردی اورغمگساری مرحوم کی طبیعت اور جبلّت تھی۔ راقم الحروف جب کبھی مکان پرحاضر ہوتا تواُن کے ہاں گویا عید آجاتی تھی،ہرخط دعاؤں سے اور شفقت بزرگانہ کے بیساختہ اظہار سے پُرہوتاتھا۔ آنحضرت ﷺ اورآپ کے آل واصحابِ کرام کے ساتھ عشق ومحبت اس درجہ تھاکہ بسااوقات ذکر کرتے کرتے روپڑتے تھے۔ مرحوم، بزرگانِ سلف کے اُس کاروانِ رفتہ کی بقیہ یادگاروں میں سے تھے جس کے دیکھنے کوآنکھیں ترستی ہیں مگر اب اُس کارواں کی گرد کفِ پابھی نظر نہیں آتی۔سدار ہے نام...

The Incident of September 11 (2001) & its Socio Political Implications on Pakistan

Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.

Studies of Systemic Insecticides and Custard Apple Annaona Squamosa Seed Extract Effects on Cotton Pest Spodoptera Litura , With Reference to Transgenic and Conventional Cotton Varieties

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is an economically important pest of many agricultural crops, to study the effects of acetamiprid, acephate, fipronil and custard apple Annona squamosa L. on cotton pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.), with reference to transgenic and conventional cotton varieties studies were carried out. Five doses were used for each under test samples i.e., acetamiprid 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.28, 0.32 %, acephate 0.097, 0.291, 0.485, 0.679, 0.873 %, fipronil 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 %, and Annona squamosa 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 % concentrations of a desired volume were prepared by diluting in distilled water. Sixty larvae were treated by using leaf dipping method. After 72 hours mortality was recorded. The experiment was replicated four times. By calculating the mean mortalities through probit analysis in respect to various doses of the insecticides and custard apple Annona squamosa LC50 was calculated, as the pattern of toxicity showed, fipronil was found to be the highest toxic with the lowest LC50 value of 0.025% followed by acetamiprid 0.231%, acephate 0.337% and Annona squamosa with 1.319% respectively. Same numbers of Spodoptera litura larvae were treated with LC50 of each insecticide and Annona squamosa, and the fresh leaves of 40 days aged cotton plant of respective variety to study their effects on biotic potential of Spodoptera litura. Acetamiprid found to be highly effective against pupation. Fipronil and Annona squamosa was found to be the more promising with pupal weigh of 292.75 and 300.21 mg/pupa respectively. Annona squamosa and cotton varieties caused prolong pupal duration as compared to other treatments whereas the lowest pupal duration was recorded in fipronil treatment. Acephate showed higher toxic effects against adult emergence followed by acetamiprid, fipronil, Annona squamosa, CEMB-33, Bt-906, FH-142 and CIM-496. The lowest adult female/male ratio was observed in fipronil, acephate and CEMB-33 treatment as 0.866, 0.867 and 0.936, female/male while it was found almost equal in Annona squamosa and it was higher in cotton varieties. To determine the effects on biotic potential of Spodoptera litura four different mating combinations of male and female crosses were established for adults emerged from each concentration treated larvae i.e., T♀xU♂, T♂xU♀, T♀xT♂ and U♂xU♀ as control. Adult when crossed as T♀xU♂, Annona squamosa and insecticides were found to be more effective than under test cotton varieties against fecundity as well as fertility. Among insecticides and Annona squamosa, higher effects were recorded in acephate followed by Annona squamosa, fipronil and acetamiprid. Among cotton varieties CEMB- 33 found to be the most effective followed by Bt-906, FH-142 and CIM-496 as compared to control. Adults when crossed as T♂xU♀, acephate and Annona squamosa, showed higher effects in insecticides and in cotton varieties CEMB-33 were found to be the most effective against fecundity and Annona squamosa showed higher effects on fertility followed by fipronil, acephate and acetamiprid and in cotton varieties CEMB-33 showed higher effect against fertility of Spodoptera litura. while in the case of T♀xT♂ fecundity was found tremendously suffered, acephate and Annona squamosa was found to be effective than others, where as fipronil, acetamiprid and Annona squamosa proved to be the most effective against fertility. Adults, pairs in all crosses acephate treated adults showed the lowest incubation period whereas Bt-906 and CEMB-33 showed higher incubation period than in control. Newly emerged T♀xU♂, Annona squamosa showed the lowest adult male longevity, whereas in the same pair acephate showed the lowest female adult. When adults were paired as U♀×T♂ of Spodoptera litura, acephate showed the lowest adult male longevity, whereas fipronil and Annona squamosa showed the lowest female adult longevity. In the case of T♀xT♂ acephate and Annona squamosa showed the lowest adult male and female longevity. Sodium dodecylsulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was employed to determine the effects of insecticides, Annona squamosa, and under test cotton varieties on the protein pattern of 5th instar Spodoptera litura larvae. Relative flow values and movement of separated proteins were recorded and compared with the protein pattern of untreated group of larvae. Estimation of electrophoretic mobility of different proteins, total protein contents, acetylcholinesterase activity and total esterase activity were determined under the toxic effect insecticides, Annona squamosa, and under test cotton varieties. Quantitative changes in total protein contents and inhibition in the activity of acetylcholinesterase and fluctuation in total esterases were observed. Annona squamosa showed significant toxic effects against Spodoptera litura larvae and exhibited inhibitory activity against total protein, acetylcholinesterase, and detoxification enzymes total esterase. Annona squamosa and transgenic cotton varieties may be considered as ecosystem friendly approach and could be used as pest control agents in order to reduce use of synthetic pesticides.
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