Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

چھٹا باب: تہذیب و ثقافت

بنیادی رسوم رواج

          ایک مذہبی یہودی کی ساری زندگی مختلف رسومات میں منقسم ہے جو اس کی پیدائش سے لے کر اس کے مرنے کے بعد تک جاری رہتی ہیں۔ مشنانے اس زندگی کا خلاصہ درج ذیل لفظوں میں بیان کیا ہے:

پانچ سال کی عمر میں مقدس کتب کی پڑھائی، دس سال کی عمر میں مشنا کی پڑھائی، تیرہ سال کی عمر میں وصیتوں کی پیروی، پندرہ سال میں تلمود کی پڑھائی، اٹھارہ سال میں شادی، بیس سال میں ملازمت، تیس سال میں قوت کا عروج، چالیس سال میں دانائی، پچاس میں صلاح دینے کے قابل، ساٹھ میں بڑھاپا، ستر میں سالوں سے بھرپور، اسّی میں "ہمت" کی انتہا، نوے میں خم رسیدہ، سو سال میں مردے کی مانند اور اس دنیا سے کوچ۔[1]

باب ششم کے اہم نکات

  1. یہودی ثقافت کا تعارف۔
  2. بنیادی یہودی رسومات کا تعارف۔
  3. یہودیت میں شادی مرگ کی تقریبات کا تعارف۔
  4. یہودی کیلنڈر کا تعارف۔
  5. یہودی تہواروں کا تعارف۔
  6. اسرائیلی تقریبات کا تعارف۔
ابتدائی یہودیت میں کچھ رسومات مردوں تک محدود تھیں۔ عورت کو بعض عبادات میں شامل نہیں کیا گیا۔ مرد ہی کو گھر کا سربراہ مانا گیا۔ اکثر ربیوں کی دعاؤں میں بھی بیٹوں کا ذکر ہوتا ہے جس سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ قدیم یہودیوں میں مردوں کو خصوصی اہمیت حاصل تھی۔ اس سے یہ بھی نہیں سمجھنا چاہیے کہ عورت کو کوئی وقعت نہیں دی گئی۔ یہودیت کا ابتدائی دور بزرگوں کا دور کہلاتا ہے۔ عمومی طور پر بزرگوں میں مردوں کو شامل کیا جاتا ہے لیکن مختلف روایات سے یہ بھی پتہ چلتا ہے کہ بزرگوں کے اس دور میں عورت کا کردار بھی اہم اور مقتدر تھا، مثلاً اس...

اسم محمد ﷺ اور رسول اللہ کی جلالت قدر کا تحقیقی اور تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Regarding Nabuwat, our Holy Prophet (S.A.W.W) has attained excellence/perfection. His name is foremost (S.A.W.W) among all prophet hood is towards both the worlds. He will be brought before all prophets most respectfully on the Day of Judgment. His teachings are not cancelled as compared to the prophets before him (S.A.W.W). His (S.A.W.W) virtues and excellences are uncountable and unlimited. Below is described his (S.A.W.W) magnificence and dignity in respect of his name; Muhammad (S.A.W.W).

Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Two Genetically Diverse Spring Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. Cultivars for Salt Tolerance

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to appraise variation in the salt tolerance potential of two wheat cultivars (salt tolerant, S-24 and moderately salt sensitive MH-97) at different growth stages. Salinity stress caused a marked reduction in plant biomass and grain yield of both wheat cultivars. However, cv. S-24 was superior to cv. MH-97 in maintaining higher plant biomass and grain yield under saline stress. Furthermore, salinity caused a significant variation in different physiological attributes measured at different growth stages. For example, salt stress caused a marked reduction in net photosynthetic and transpiration rate in both wheat cultivars but to a varying extent at different growth stages. Higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates were recorded at the boot stage than at other growth stages in both wheat cultivars. The response of other gas exchange attributes was also variable at different growth stages. Salt sensitive wheat cultivar MH-97 was more prone to salt-induced adverse effects on gas exchange attributes as compared to cv. S-24. Salt stress caused considerable reduction in different water relation attributes of wheat plants. A significant reduction in leaf water, osmotic and turgor potentials was recorded in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. Maximal reduction in leaf water potential was recorded at the reproductive stage in both wheat cultivars. In contrast, maximal turgor potential was observed at the boot stage. Salt-induced adverse effects of salinity on different water relation attributes were more prominent in cv. MH-97 as compared to those in cv. S-24. The integrity of PS II was greatly perturbed in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages and this salt-induced damage to PS II was more in cv. MH-97. A significant alteration in different biochemical attributes was also observed in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. For example, salt stress caused a substantial decrease in chlorophyll pigments, ascorbic acid, phenolics and tocopherols. In contrast, it increased the endogenous levels of ROS (H2O2), MDA, total soluble proteins, proline, glycine betaine and activities of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT, APX). These biochemical attributes exhibited significant salt-induced variation at different growth stages in both wheat cultivars. For example, maximum accumulation of glycine betaine and proline was recorded at the early growth stages (vegetative and boot). However, cv. S-24 showed higher accumulation of these two organic osmolytes and this could be the reason for maintenance of higher turgor than that of cv. MH-97 under stress conditions. The activities of various enzymatic antioxidants increased markedly in both wheat cultivars, particularly at the vegetative stage. However, cv. S-24 exhibited consistent increase in the activities of various enzymatic antioxidants, whereas, this phenomena occurred erratically in cv. MH-97 at different growth stages. Salt stress significantly increased the endogenous levels of toxic ions (Na+and Cl-) and decreased essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. Furthermore, K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios decreased markedly due to salt stress in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages and this salt-induced reduction was more prominent in cv. MH-97. Moreover, higher K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios were recorded at early growth stages in both wheat cultivars. It can be inferred from the results that wheat plants are more prone to adverse effects of salinity stress at early growth stages than that at the reproductive stage.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.