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احسان دانشؔ

احسان دانش
کچھ عرصہ سے اس برصغیر کی اردو شاعری کے آسمان پر سیاہ بادل برابر چھائے ہوئے ہیں، فراق گورکھپوری اور جوش ملیح آبادی کے بعد احسان دانش، حفیظ جالندھری اور اب نشور واحدی اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے۔
ان کی رحلت سے اردو شعر و ادب کے قصر کی رنگارنگی میں بڑی کمی پیدا ہوگئی ہے، احسان دانش نے اپنی زندگی ایک پریشان حال مزدور کی حیثیت سے شروع کی، لیکن اپنی وفات سے پہلے اردو شاعری کے ایک تاجدار تسلیم کرلیے گئے تھے، ۱۹۴۷؁ء سے پہلے وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشاعروں میں برابر آتے رہے، اس وقت تک ان کے کلام کے مجموعوں میں نفیر فطرت، جادہ نو، چراغاں، درد زندگی، نوائے کارگر، آتش خاموش حدیث ادب اور گورستان وغیرہ چھپ چکے تھے، مشاعرہ کے اسٹیج پر آتے تو ان کے چہرہ سے ان کی زندگی کی سادگی اور پریشانی ظاہر ہوتی، مگر کلام سناتے تو ان کے خیالات کی پرکاری اور رعنائی سے سامعین متاثر ہوکر محسوس کرتے کہ وہ اپنی شاعری میں جادو نو پر چل رہے ہیں، غزلیں سناتے تو تغزل کا چراغاں کرکے درد زندگی کے راز پنہاں کو عیاں کرتے، ان کی زندگی زیادہ تر پریشانیوں میں گزری، مگر وہ آتش خاموش بن کر ایک شاعر کا حق ادا کرتے رہے، اسی لیے ان کی سخنوری نوائے کارگر اور حدیث ادب بنی رہی، ان کی مشق سخن کی کہانی ان ہی کی زبانی یہ ہے کہ جب ان پر جذبہ شاعری طاری ہوتا وہ اپنی روح میں التہاب پاتے اور جب شعر سپرد قلم کردیتے تو محسوس کرتے کہ الفاظ میں، کاغذ پر، دائروں، لفظوں، مرکزوں اور پیوندوں کے نیچے ان کی روح دبتی چلی جارہی ہے، اور جب کوئی نظم پایہ تکمیل کو پہنچ جاتی تو اپنی روح کو سبک اور آرام طلب پاتے، پھر وہ میٹھی نیند...

میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

No society is safe from crimes hence with the passage of time, crimes amplify along with alteration in its nature. As the approaches of investigation and finding the crime develop, the ratio of crimes also increases and the casualties occur with new devices and techniques. On the other hand individual and collective endeavors are being made to stop it. The concerned authorities try to finish or decrease these crimes by formulating various new rules. The rules that the Creator and the real Owner of the whole world had bestowed upon us in the form of Islam, it includes the right and basic techniques to control the crimes. As the modern technology has facilitated us with many facilities, it has also facilitated us in finding a culprit or proofs against him that helps in the stoppage of crimes and finding the criminals. As this modern technology has brought a great reduction in the casualties and crimes, on the other hand we have also to face some legal and Islamic issues. One of these issues is the case of medical test for witness that whether the test of clinical laboratory can be accepted as witness

Teachers Role in Influencing Learners Attitude and Motivation Towards Learning of English Language at University Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The attitude towards learning and motivation of learners is an important factor in which teachers play a crucial role. This is important more so in learning of a foreign or second language. This study is concerned with how teachers and learners perceive teachers‘ motivational behaviour and what impact it has on the learners‘ attitude and motivation towards learning to communicate in English language. To this end, a questionnaire was developed based on Dornyei and Csizer‘s (1998) Motivational Strategies Orientation of Language Teaching (MOLT), observation scheme developed by Guilloteaux & Dornyei (2008), and Dornyei‘s (2001) process-oriented model of motivational teacher practice ‗Motivational Strategies Questionnaire‘ (Cheng & Dornyei, 2007), available on his personal website. The items selected for both teachers and learners were made part of the classroom observation checklist to ascertain if particular behaviour of teachers and learners in the language classrooms occurs that determine learners‘ attitude and motivation towards learning oral communication of English language. The study took place at City University of Science and IT, Peshawar (CUSIT) and Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar (IMS). The questionnaires were administered to learners (N-175) and teachers (N-12). There were four open-ended questions incorporated in the teachers‘ questionnaire to further add some in depth information, which the close-ended questionnaire could not cover. The participants were undergraduate students, both male and female, of Management Science, Computer Sciences, Engineering and Education taking the course of Freshman English 1, 2, 3 and Functional English. At the end of the study, the collected data was analysed through descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA and Dummy variable by using SPSS. The results showed that the student participants expressed their weak satisfaction over their teachers‘ motivational teaching practices while the teachers perceived their teaching practices on a higher level strongly believing them to be the source for the learners‘ positive attitude and motivation towards speaking skill. It is recommended that there is a need to fill that gap between teachers and learners to ascertain the smooth learning of English language. There is a need to motivate learners to engage in different and interesting communicative activities so that a confidence level in the learners could be increased. As the KP learners are highly attached to Pashto language and its culture, so playing videos of the culture of the target language could be highly beneficial for the learners of KP. The learners should be encouraged to communicate in the target language so that hesitation in communicating in the target language could be minimized.
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